What’s the difference between hemp and marijuana?

When it comes to cannabis plants, the terms "hemp" and "marijuana" are often used interchangeably, leading to confusion about their differences. Despite their similar appearance and shared species, these plants serve distinct purposes and are subject to different legal regulations. Understanding the differences between hemp and marijuana is essential for recognizing their unique benefits and uses. This blog dives into the botanical distinctions, cultivation practices, applications, and legal status of hemp and marijuana, with a focus on how CBD is extracted from each plant. Understanding these differences is crucial, particularly in the context of the 2018 Farm Bill, which has played a pivotal role in the legalization and regulation of CBD (cannabidiol) products.

Understanding the fundamentals of hemp involves delving into its genetics, physical characteristics, and cannabinoid composition. This guide aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these aspects, offering insights into why hemp stands out as a versatile and valuable crop:

Genetics & Classification: Hemp, scientifically known as Cannabis sativa L., is a variety of the cannabis plant specifically bred for industrial and agricultural purposes. Unlike its counterpart marijuana, hemp contains very low levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compound responsible for the "high" associated with cannabis use. By legal definition in many countries, hemp must contain no more than 0.3% THC by dry weight. This low THC content distinguishes hemp from marijuana and makes it suitable for various non-psychoactive applications.

Hemp's genetics have been selectively bred over thousands of years to enhance specific traits such as fiber quality, seed production, and cannabinoid content, excluding high THC levels. This selective breeding has resulted in a plant that is tall, sturdy, and optimized for industrial uses.

Physical Characteristics: Hemp plants are typically tall, reaching heights of 10 to 15 feet, with long, slender stalks. They have a fibrous structure, which makes them ideal for industrial applications such as textiles, ropes, and building materials. The leaves of the hemp plant are thin and arranged in a palmate shape, usually with seven to eleven leaflets. These characteristics make hemp visually distinct from marijuana, which tends to be shorter and bushier.

Another notable feature of hemp is its robust root system, which may penetrate deep into the soil, aiding in soil health and reducing erosion. This makes hemp a valuable crop for sustainable agriculture practices. The plant's resilience and ability to grow in a variety of climates further enhance its appeal as an industrial crop.

Cannabinoid Composition: Hemp's cannabinoid profile is characterized by its low THC content and higher concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound known for its potential therapeutic benefits. While THC levels in hemp are legally required to be below 0.3%, CBD levels may vary significantly, often ranging from 5% to 20% in well-cultivated strains.

CBD is one of over 100 cannabinoids found in hemp, and it has gained significant attention for its possible health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and pain-relief properties. Unlike THC, CBD does not produce any psychoactive effects, making it a popular choice for those seeking relief without the "high."

Hemp offers a multitude of benefits across various industries due to its versatile nature and sustainable growth. Here are some of the primary benefits of hemp:

Nutritional Value: Hemp seeds are highly nutritious, rich in protein, healthy fats, and essential amino acids. They contain an optimal balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are crucial for heart health and reducing inflammation. Additionally, hemp seeds are a good source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals, such as magnesium, iron, and zinc, making them a valuable addition to a balanced diet. They are often used in health foods, supplements, and animal feed, contributing to overall well-being and nutritional intake.

Environmental Benefits: Hemp is an eco-friendly crop that requires minimal pesticides and herbicides, reducing the chemical load on the environment. Its deep roots improve soil structure and reduce erosion, promoting healthier soil ecosystems. Hemp also has a rapid growth cycle, typically maturing in just 100 to 120 days, which allows for multiple harvests per year and efficient land use. Furthermore, hemp's ability to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere makes it a valuable crop for combating climate change and enhancing sustainability in agriculture.

Industrial Uses: The fibrous stalks of hemp are used to produce textiles, paper, biodegradable plastics, and construction materials such as hempcrete. Hemp fibers are known for their strength and durability, making them ideal for various industrial applications. For instance, hemp textiles are highly durable and resistant to wear and tear, while hemp paper may be recycled more times than wood-based paper. Biodegradable plastics made from hemp offer a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics, reducing environmental pollution. In construction, hempcrete provides excellent insulation and is a sustainable building material with a low carbon footprint.

Health & Wellness: The CBD extracted from hemp is widely used in wellness products like oils, tinctures, topicals, and edibles. CBD has been studied for its potential to alleviate conditions such as chronic pain, anxiety, and epilepsy. It interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system to promote balance and homeostasis without producing psychoactive effects. As a result, CBD products have gained popularity among individuals seeking natural alternatives for managing various health issues. Moreover, ongoing research continues to uncover new therapeutic applications for CBD, further enhancing its value in the health and wellness sector.

Economic Impact: Hemp cultivation may provide economic benefits by creating jobs in agriculture, manufacturing, and retail sectors. The growing demand for hemp products is fostering innovation and growth in related industries, from farming and processing to product development and marketing. This demand also encourages investment in research and development, leading to new and improved hemp-based products. Additionally, hemp farming may revitalize rural economies by offering farmers a profitable and sustainable crop, thereby contributing to overall economic growth and stability.

To fully grasp the complexity of marijuana, it is essential to explore its genetics, physical characteristics, and cannabinoid composition. This section delves into the unique attributes that define marijuana and distinguish it from other varieties of cannabis:

Genetics & Classification: Marijuana, like hemp, belongs to the Cannabis sativa species but is primarily cultivated for its psychoactive properties. Unlike hemp, marijuana plants are bred to have high levels of THC, the compound responsible for the plant's intoxicating effects. In many jurisdictions, marijuana is classified based on its THC content, typically containing more than 0.3% THC by dry weight.

The genetics of marijuana plants have been selectively bred over generations to enhance specific traits such as potency, flavor, and aroma. This selective breeding has resulted in a wide variety of strains, each with unique characteristics and cannabinoid profiles. These strains are often classified into three main types: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid, each offering different effects and uses.

Physical Characteristics: Marijuana plants are generally shorter and bushier compared to hemp, typically growing between 3 to 5 feet tall. They have broader leaves and a denser branching structure, which helps support the weight of their resinous flowers. The leaves are often dark green and feature a palmate shape with serrated edges, usually having five to nine leaflets.

The flowers, or buds, of the marijuana plant are its most distinctive feature. These buds are covered in tiny, glandular trichomes that produce THC and other cannabinoids. The density and resin production of these buds are key indicators of a plant's potency and are the primary focus for cultivators. Marijuana plants also have a more pungent aroma compared to hemp, which is due to their higher concentration of terpenes. These aromatic compounds contribute to the plant's distinctive smell and may influence the effects and flavor profile of different strains.

Cannabinoid Composition: Marijuana is renowned for its high THC content, which may range from 10% to over 30% depending on the strain and growing conditions. THC is the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana, responsible for the euphoric and mind-altering effects that users experience. This high THC concentration is a key differentiator between marijuana and hemp.

In addition to THC, marijuana contains a variety of other cannabinoids, including CBD, although in much lower concentrations than in hemp. The ratio of THC to CBD may vary significantly among different strains, influencing the overall effects. Some strains are specifically bred to have balanced levels of THC and CBD to provide therapeutic benefits without intense psychoactive effects. Terpenes and flavonoids are also abundant in marijuana, contributing to its distinct flavors, aromas, and potential therapeutic effects. These compounds work together with cannabinoids in what is known as the "entourage effect," enhancing the plant's overall impact on the body.

While hemp and marijuana come from the same plant species, their differences are significant and extend beyond just their chemical composition. These distinctions are critical for understanding their unique applications and regulatory statuses:

THC Content : The most critical distinction between hemp and marijuana is their THC content. THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, is the psychoactive compound responsible for the "high" associated with marijuana use. Hemp contains 0.3% or less THC by dry weight, which is not enough to produce psychoactive effects. Marijuana, however, typically contains between 5% to 30% THC, making it psychoactive and popular for both recreational and medicinal use.

CBD Content : Both hemp and marijuana can produce CBD (cannabidiol), a non-psychoactive compound that has been studied for its potential therapeutic benefits. However, hemp plants generally have a higher concentration of CBD compared to marijuana plants. This makes hemp an ideal source for extracting CBD for use in various health and wellness products without the psychoactive effects of THC.

Cultivation Practices : The cultivation methods for hemp and marijuana are quite different. Hemp is usually grown outdoors in large fields where the plants are spaced closely together, allowing them to grow tall and slender, often reaching heights of 10-20 feet. It is a robust plant that requires minimal care, making it suitable for various climates and soil types. In contrast, marijuana is typically cultivated in controlled environments like greenhouses or indoor facilities, where growers can carefully manage light, temperature, and humidity to optimize the plant's THC content and overall quality. The plants are usually grown shorter and bushier, with significant space between them to promote the development of the flower buds, which contain the highest concentrations of THC.

Legal Status : The legal status of hemp and marijuana varies significantly across different regions and countries. Hemp, due to its low THC content, is legal in many parts of the world and is often grown for industrial uses, such as producing fibers, textiles, and CBD products. In the United States, the 2018 Farm Bill legalized the cultivation and sale of hemp and its derivatives, including CBD, as long as the THC content does not exceed 0.3%. Marijuana, on the other hand, is subject to stricter regulations. While some states and countries have legalized marijuana for medical or recreational use, it remains illegal under federal law in many places due to its higher THC content.

Industrial Uses : Hemp is incredibly versatile and is used in a wide range of industrial applications. Its fibers are among the strongest natural fibers, making them ideal for producing ropes, textiles, paper, and biodegradable plastics. Hemp seeds are a highly nutritious food source, rich in protein, essential fatty acids, and other nutrients. Hemp oil, extracted from the seeds, is used in cooking, skincare products, and as a base for various industrial products. Marijuana, due to its high THC content, is not typically used for industrial purposes. Its primary use is for recreational and medical consumption.

Read Also: How Does CBD Oil Make You Feel: CBD Daily Use Guide

The Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018, commonly known as the 2018 Farm Bill, marked a significant milestone for hemp and CBD in the United States. This legislation brought substantial changes to the agricultural landscape, particularly in how hemp is regulated.

Key Provisions of the 2018 Farm Bill

Legalization of Hemp: The 2018 Farm Bill removed hemp from the list of controlled substances, effectively legalizing its cultivation, processing, and sale. This legalization applies to hemp and its derivatives, including CBD, provided the THC content does not exceed 0.3%.

State Regulation: States are given the authority to regulate hemp production within their borders. They can submit plans to the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) for approval, outlining how they will monitor and enforce compliance with federal standards.

Interstate Commerce: The bill explicitly allows the interstate commerce of hemp and hemp-derived products. This provision is crucial for the development of a national hemp industry, enabling farmers and producers to access broader markets.

Research and Development: The 2018 Farm Bill encourages research into hemp and its potential applications. This includes support for universities and state departments of agriculture to conduct research on hemp cultivation, genetics, and market potential.

The 2018 Farm Bill has had a profound impact on the CBD industry, paving the way for the proliferation of CBD products in the market. Here's how it has influenced the industry:

Market Growth: The legalization of hemp has led to a surge in the production and availability of CBD products. From oils and tinctures to edibles and topicals, CBD products are now widely accessible to consumers. The market has seen explosive growth, with estimates suggesting that the CBD market could reach billions of dollars in value within a few years.

Consumer Awareness: The legalization of hemp and the growing popularity of CBD have increased consumer awareness and acceptance. Many people are now turning to CBD for its potential health benefits, such as pain relief, anxiety reduction, and anti-inflammatory properties. This has driven demand and led to a wide variety of products entering the market, catering to different preferences and needs.

Business Opportunities: The 2018 Farm Bill has created significant business opportunities within the hemp and CBD industries. Entrepreneurs, farmers, and investors have capitalized on the new legal framework, leading to the establishment of numerous hemp farms, CBD extraction facilities, and retail brands. This has contributed to job creation, economic growth, and the revitalization of rural communities.

Challenges and Controversies: Despite the progress made by the 2018 Farm Bill, the hemp and CBD industry still faces several challenges. Regulatory uncertainty remains a significant issue, as the FDA has yet to provide clear guidelines for the use of CBD in food and dietary supplements. This has led to a patchwork of state regulations and enforcement practices. Additionally, quality control and product consistency continue to be concerns, with reports of mislabeled or contaminated products highlighting the need for stricter oversight and industry standards. This is why brands like BATCH have set manufacturing and third-party testing standards in place to ensure customers are getting the exact product they're buying.

Understanding the differences between hemp and marijuana is crucial for appreciating their unique benefits, uses, and legal statuses. Although both plants belong to the Cannabis sativa species, they have distinct genetic compositions, physical characteristics, and applications.

Hemp is primarily valued for its industrial and therapeutic benefits, with low THC content making it non-psychoactive and suitable for a wide range of products, from textiles and construction materials to nutritious foods and CBD-based health products. The legalization of hemp through the 2018 Farm Bill has opened up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.

Marijuana, in contrast, is known for its high THC content and psychoactive effects, making it popular for both recreational and medicinal use. While marijuana remains federally illegal in the United States, many states have legalized it to varying degrees, reflecting changing attitudes and recognition of its potential medical benefits.

By understanding these differences, consumers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders may make informed decisions about the use and regulation of these versatile plants. As research continues and laws evolve, both hemp and marijuana are likely to play increasingly important roles in health, industry, and culture.

Sources:

1. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Therapeutic Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Nih.gov; National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425767/
2. Goel, R., Arora, S., Rayaapa, M. K., & Gulia, D. (2023). “Hemp and Marijuana are both pots?” Young consumer awareness and perception of hemp food in India. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 14, 100809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100809
3. Rupasinghe, H. P. V., Davis, A., Kumar, S. K., Murray, B., & Zheljazkov, V. D. (2020). Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an Emerging Source for Value-Added Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals. Molecules, 25(18), 4078. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184078